Dr. Laiba the physiotherapist

                                          Knee Joint INTRODUCTION:   Bony anatomy: Knee joint is a uniaxial synovial joint hinge joint. It is formed by two articulations 1.      The articulation tibia and femur bone forming tibio-femoral joint 2.      The articulation between patella and patellar grove on femur forming patella-femoral joint. Ligaments: There are 4 major ligaments in knee joint, namely Medial collateral ligament (MCL) or tibial collateral ligament:  It is present on the medial (inner) side of the knee, connects the femur with tibia. It supports the medial side of the knee. Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) or fibular collateral ligament:  It is present on the lateral (outer) side of the knee, connects the femur to the fibula. It supports the lateral side of the ...

     BONES AND IT'S TYPES ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT SHAPES: INTRODUCTION: Bones are  rigid body tissue consisting of cells embedded in an abundant hard intercellular material .  It is composed of a number of constituents described bellow TYPES OF BONES ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT SHAPES: There are five types of bones when classified according to their shapes, namely Short bones:  They are cube shaped (almost equal sides) short bones provide stability and some movement. Example: carpals (  scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, hamate, pisiform, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium ) Tarsals ( calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and medial cuneiform) Long bones: These are longer than they are wider, contain a wide shaft (diaphesis) and two extremities (epiphesis).  Long bones function to support the weight of the body and facilitate movement Example: Long bones form the extremities, both upper and lower limbs. upper limb (h...

       CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY INTRODUCTION: Chest physiotherapy  is a group of techniques that mobilizes or loosens thick secretions in the lungs and respiratory tract   that includes following physiotherapy treatment techniques: Nebulization postural drainage by gravity percussion chest wall vibration and shaking huffing and coughing deep breathing exercises and other therapeutic exercises In easy words, chest physiotherapy (CPT) is a technique that can be used to clear mucus from the lungs. AIMS OF CHEST PHYSIOLOGY: To facilitate removal of airway secretions. To optimize lung compliance and prevent it from collapsing. To decrease the work of breathing. To optimize the ventilation-perfusion ratio/ improve gas exchange (SPO2) strengthen the muscles used for breathing INDICATIONS: Cystic fibrosis (inherited disorder that causes severe damage to lungs, digestive system and other parts of the body) Bronchiectasis ( a long-term condition where the airways of the l...